Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While MOTS-c improves insulin sensitivity, enhances glycolysis, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of metabolic syndrome, aging, and ischemia-reperfusion injury8135146, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137.
While MOTS-c works as a 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide that translocates to the nucleus under metabolic stress and regulates glucose and lipid metabolism largely via activation of AMPK and modulation of mTOR and folate-cycle–linked pathways854140146, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143.
MOTS-c
SS-31
MOTS-c
MT-RNR1
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
Both peptides fall into a similar broad context as Mitochondrial peptides, although the details of how they are used and discussed still diverge. Both are often discussed in Aging and longevity contexts, while MOTS-c is more of a metabolic peptide and SS-31 is better described as a mitochondrial peptide. Their biological logic is quite different: MOTS-c is a gene expression modulator, whereas SS-31 is a signaling modulator. MOTS-c has a more mitochondrial-encoded origin, while SS-31 is closer to synthetic design background with MOTS-c in Preclinical development and SS-31 in Clinical phase 2. SS-31 incorporates d-amino acid substitution and amidation features that are not part of MOTS-c, while their sequence patterns also diverge, with MOTS-c showing hydrophobic domain features and SS-31 showing cationic amphipathic features.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.