Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While FOXO4-DRI acts as a senolytic in preclinical models by promoting apoptosis of senescent cells, improving tissue function and healthspan measures in aged animals38, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137.
While FOXO4-DRI works as a D-retro-inverso peptide derived from a FOXO4 region that competes with endogenous FOXO4 for binding to p53, thereby releasing p53 to trigger apoptosis selectively in senescent cells38, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143.
FOXO4-DRI
Intracellular target is the FOXO4–p53 protein–protein interaction interface; it does not signal via a traditional cell-surface receptor38
SS-31
FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
FOXO4-DRI and SS-31 are noticeably different, with limited direct overlap in their usual biological context. Both are often discussed in Aging and longevity contexts, while FOXO4-DRI is more of a senolytic peptide and SS-31 is better described as a mitochondrial peptide. Their biological logic is quite different: FOXO4-DRI is a protein interaction inhibitor, whereas SS-31 is a signaling modulator. Both are synthetic in origin with FOXO4-DRI in Preclinical development and SS-31 in Clinical phase 2. FOXO4-DRI carries retro-inverso isomerization features, while SS-31 instead reflects d-amino acid substitution and amidation changes, while their sequence patterns also diverge, with FOXO4-DRI showing protein-mimetic sequence features and SS-31 showing cationic amphipathic features.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.