Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137, Thymosin Beta-4 promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, and tissue regeneration in preclinical models via effects on cytoskeleton dynamics, cell migration, and anti-apoptotic pathways25579.
While SS-31 works as a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143, Thymosin Beta-4 is an endogenous 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering peptide that maintains a pool of G-actin monomers and regulates actin polymerization, thereby influencing cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation25579.
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
Thymosin Beta-4
TMSB4X
The clearest overlap between SS-31 and Thymosin Beta-4 is that both converge around Signaling modulator. Both are often discussed in Cardiovascular health contexts, while SS-31 is more of a mitochondrial peptide and Thymosin Beta-4 is better described as a signal peptide and Cytokine peptide. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with SS-31 leaning toward Mitochondrial function modulation, Antioxidant activity, and Neuroprotection and cognition and Thymosin Beta-4 leaning toward Tissue repair and healing, Angiogenesis modulation, and Anti-inflammatory. SS-31 has a more synthetic design origin, while Thymosin Beta-4 is closer to natural endogenous background and both are still best understood as being in Clinical phase 2. SS-31 carries d-amino acid substitution and amidation features, while Thymosin Beta-4 instead reflects acetylation changes, while their sequence patterns also diverge, with SS-31 showing cationic amphipathic features and Thymosin Beta-4 showing protein-mimetic sequence features.