Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137, TB-500 is studied for enhancing musculoskeletal and cardiac repair, wound healing, and promoting cell migration and differentiation via actin cytoskeleton remodeling21255.
While SS-31 works as a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143, TB-500 is a synthetic peptide comprising the LKKTETQ actin-binding motif of thymosin beta-4 that binds G-actin, sequesters actin monomers, and promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and tissue repair1255.
SS-31
TB-500
Binds monomeric actin (G-actin) rather than a classical cell-surface receptor, modulating actin polymerization at barbed and pointed ends55
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
TB-500
TMSB4X
The clearest overlap between SS-31 and TB-500 is that both converge around Signaling modulator. Both are often discussed in Cardiovascular health contexts, while SS-31 is more of a mitochondrial peptide and TB-500 is better described as a signal peptide. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with SS-31 leaning toward Mitochondrial function modulation, Antioxidant activity, and Neuroprotection and cognition and TB-500 leaning toward Tissue repair and healing, Angiogenesis modulation, and Anti-inflammatory. SS-31 has a more synthetic design origin, while TB-500 is closer to synthetic analog background with SS-31 in Clinical phase 2 and TB-500 in Preclinical development. SS-31 incorporates d-amino acid substitution and amidation features that are not part of TB-500, while their sequence patterns also diverge, with SS-31 showing cationic amphipathic features and TB-500 showing protein-mimetic sequence features.