Comparison
While Semax is used clinically in Russia for ischemic stroke and cognitive disorders; in models it improves learning, protects dopaminergic neurons, and modulates stress responses without significant endocrine ACTH-like effects166174, Thymosin Alpha-1 is clinically used in some countries as an immunomodulator for chronic hepatitis B/C and as an adjuvant in cancer therapy, enhancing cell-mediated immunity41487.
While Semax works as a synthetic heptapeptide, Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro (MEHFPGP), that is an analog of ACTH(4–10) with a Pro-Gly-Pro extension and exerts neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions partly via upregulation of BDNF and modulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems40162165174, Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide fragment of prothymosin alpha that activates dendritic cells and T cells primarily via TLR9/MyD88/NF-κB signaling, enhancing Th1 responses and NK-cell cytotoxicity414.
Semax is 7 amino acids long, whereas Thymosin Alpha-1 is longer as it has a length of 28 amino acids. Semax is made up of a sequence of Methionine, Glutamic acid, Histidine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Glycine, Proline. Thymosin Alpha-1 is made up of a sequence of Serine, Aspartic acid, Alanine, Alanine, Valine, Aspartic acid, Threonine, Serine, Serine, Glutamic acid, Isoleucine, Threonine, Threonine, Lysine, Aspartic acid, Leucine, Lysine, Glutamic acid, Lysine, Lysine, Glutamic acid, Valine, Valine, Glutamic acid, Glutamic acid, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Asparagine.
Semax
Targets are not fully defined; interacts with melanocortin-related pathways and inhibits certain peptidases, but no single dominant receptor has been established174
Thymosin Alpha-1
Toll-like receptors, predominantly TLR9 (and also TLR2/TLR3) on plasmacytoid dendritic cells and other immune cells4
Semax
POMC
Thymosin Alpha-1
PTMA
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