Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While LL-37 acts as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide involved in host defense and wound repair, but can also promote inflammation and cancer cell proliferation in some contexts5215, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137.
While LL-37 works as a cationic amphipathic 37-amino-acid cathelicidin peptide generated from hCAP18 that disrupts microbial membranes and modulates innate immunity, including chemotaxis, cytokine induction, and NET formation521586, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143.
LL-37
SS-31
LL-37
CAMP
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
The clearest overlap between LL-37 and SS-31 is that both converge around Signaling modulator. Their typical research and application settings separate fairly clearly: LL-37 is more often discussed in the realm of Immunology and inflammation and Gastroenterology, whereas SS-31 is more often associated with the realm of Aging and longevity and Cardiovascular health. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with LL-37 leaning toward Anti-pathogenic, Immune regulation, and Tissue repair and healing and SS-31 leaning toward Mitochondrial function modulation, Antioxidant activity, and Neuroprotection and cognition. LL-37 has a more natural endogenous origin, while SS-31 is closer to synthetic design background with LL-37 in Preclinical development and SS-31 in Clinical phase 2. SS-31 incorporates d-amino acid substitution and amidation features that are not part of LL-37.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.