Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While Humanin exerts neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects in models of Alzheimer’s disease, ischemia, and metabolic stress, reducing apoptosis and improving cell survival7136141, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137.
While Humanin works as a mitochondrial-derived 24-amino-acid peptide that protects cells against diverse apoptotic insults by interacting with cell-surface cytokine receptor complexes and intracellular targets, thereby activating pro-survival STAT3 and other pathways7136141, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143.
Humanin
SS-31
Humanin
MT-RNR2
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
Both peptides fall into a similar broad context as Mitochondrial peptides, although the details of how they are used and discussed still diverge. Both are often discussed in Aging and longevity and Cardiovascular health contexts, while Humanin is more of a neuropeptide and SS-31 is better described as a mitochondrial peptide. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with Humanin leaning toward Anti-inflammatory and SS-31 leaning toward Antioxidant activity. Humanin has a more mitochondrial-encoded origin, while SS-31 is closer to synthetic design background with Humanin in Preclinical development and SS-31 in Clinical phase 2. SS-31 incorporates d-amino acid substitution and amidation features that are not part of Humanin, while their sequence patterns also diverge, with Humanin showing alpha-helical domain features and SS-31 showing cationic amphipathic features.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.