Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While Epitalon is reported to increase lifespan and reduce tumor incidence in animals, and to influence differentiation of neural and mesenchymal stem cells; is studied as an epigenetic regulatory peptide36, SS-31 improves mitochondrial bioenergetics, reduces oxidative stress, and shows protective effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion, neurodegeneration, and other mitochondrial disorders4637137.
While Epitalon works as a synthetic tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), that has been shown to bind histones and modulate gene expression and chromatin state, with reported effects on pineal function, neurogenesis, and longevity in animal models36, SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide, d-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2, that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure, improving electron transport, and reducing ROS production4637137143.
Epitalon
Not assigned in the current dataset.
SS-31
Not assigned in the current dataset.
The clearest overlap between Epitalon and SS-31 is that both converge around Signaling modulator. Both are often discussed in Aging and longevity contexts, while Epitalon is more of a neuropeptide and Signal peptide and SS-31 is better described as a mitochondrial peptide. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with Epitalon leaning toward Mitochondrial function modulation and Antioxidant activity and SS-31 leaning toward Neuroprotection and cognition. Epitalon has a more synthetic analog origin, while SS-31 is closer to synthetic design background with Epitalon approved for Research use only and SS-31 in Clinical phase 2. SS-31 incorporates d-amino acid substitution and amidation features that are not part of Epitalon.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.