Acetyl tetrapeptide-5
is used in cosmetic eye formulations to decrease puffiness, eye bags, and dark circles by reducing edema and protecting proteins such as SOD from glycation
Alanine
Ala / A · hydrophobic residue · neutral charge
AOD-9604
is studied as an anti-obesity peptide that can reduce weight gain and increase fat oxidation in obese animal models with generally neutral effects on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in early human trials
Arginine
Arg / R · basic residue · positive charge
Argireline
is a topical cosmetic peptide reported to decrease dynamic wrinkles by partially mimicking the mechanism of botulinum toxin in a non-invasive manner
Asparagine
Asn / N · polar residue · neutral charge
Aspartic acid
Asp / D · acidic residue · negative charge
BPC-157
is investigated for accelerating healing of gastrointestinal mucosa, tendons, ligaments, bone, and nervous tissue in preclinical models, with anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects
Comparison
While Epitalon is reported to increase lifespan and reduce tumor incidence in animals, and to influence differentiation of neural and mesenchymal stem cells; is studied as an epigenetic regulatory peptide36, Humanin exerts neuroprotective and cytoprotective effects in models of Alzheimer’s disease, ischemia, and metabolic stress, reducing apoptosis and improving cell survival7136141.
While Epitalon works as a synthetic tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), that has been shown to bind histones and modulate gene expression and chromatin state, with reported effects on pineal function, neurogenesis, and longevity in animal models36, Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived 24-amino-acid peptide that protects cells against diverse apoptotic insults by interacting with cell-surface cytokine receptor complexes and intracellular targets, thereby activating pro-survival STAT3 and other pathways7136141.
Epitalon
Not assigned in the current dataset.
Humanin
MT-RNR2
Both peptides fall into a similar broad context as Neuropeptides, although the details of how they are used and discussed still diverge. Both are often discussed in Aging and longevity contexts, while Epitalon is more of a signal peptide and Humanin is better described as a mitochondrial peptide. Both appear to work through Signaling modulator, but the functional emphasis still separates, with Epitalon leaning toward Antioxidant activity and Humanin leaning toward Neuroprotection and cognition and Anti-inflammatory. Epitalon has a more synthetic analog origin, while Humanin is closer to mitochondrial-encoded background with Epitalon approved for Research use only and Humanin in Preclinical development. They share some route overlap through subcutaneous injection, while the remaining routes diverge.
No related articles are linked to these peptides yet.